Dead space remake patch notes12/3/2023 ![]() ![]() If you have not destroyed the mining tethers, you should do this, then the game will update. > If upon loading a game where you are already stuck, the game will update if the player has destroyed the mining tethers. You will no longer be able to launch the asteroid without first destroying the gravity tethers, preventing them from getting stuck.> If upon loading a save the door is still in standby, ride the tram to another station and back, wait 30 seconds and the door will unlock. The door to the security station will properly unlock after the call from Daniels ends during the objective ‘Locate the source of the broadcast.> If you’re loading a save where you were already in this state and the game doesn’t update, travel away from the area (60 seconds approx.) and return, the game should then update. The game will now recognise if the player has collected the Crew Quarters key card before reaching Chapter 10 and getting the objective ‘Find the Crew Deck key’.Dead Space Remake January 18th Update Release Notes Below you can also find its complete changelog. It also resolves a bug that could occur with the door to the security station during the “Locate the source of the broadcast” objective.Īs always, Steam and Origin will download this update the next time you launch its client. However, it does not bring any performance optimizations.Īccording to its release notes, the February 18th Update allows you now to equip previous suit visuals. This Update packs a number of Steam Deck improvements, and fixes some bugs that plagued the game. You can join the discussion on Dead Space's planned update on the OC3D Forums.EA Motive has released a brand new update for Dead Space Remake. ![]() Let's hope that Dead Space's VRS toggle update launches soon, and developers can find a way to make VRS play more nicely with upscaling solutions in the future. ![]() The problem is that this feature is rarely implemented in a satisfactory way, making it a feature that PC gamers rarely want to use. ![]() If implemented well, VRS has the potential to give gamers a "free" performance uplift by lowering the shading rate of unimportant areas of the screen. Adding a VRS toggle will prevent this graphical issue, assuming that it defaults to off when upscaling solutions are used. This has resulted widespread complaints from PC gamers, because Dead Space is a dark game, and VRS is not an optional feature. In Dead Space, VRS with DLSS can result in huge areas of the screen looking blocking, especially in darker areas of the game. With VRS enabled alongside upscaling solutions like Nvidia's DLSS or AMD's FSR 2.0, the artefacts caused by Variable Rate Shading can increase in size and become a lot more visible. If used well, VRS can deliver moderate performance increases with minimal losses in graphical fidelity, but if used aggressively, it can make many areas of games become a blocky mess. For example, if an area is covered with motion blur, why shade that area with full detail levels before that blur is applied? VRS is marketed as a performance increasing feature on compatible hardware, but unfortunately the feature has often be used to aggressively, resulting in noticeable losses in graphical fidelity. VRS, Variable Rate Shading is designed to increase system performance by allowing some areas of games to be shaded at a lower rate. Additionally, this update aims to give PC gamers the option to disable VRS (Variable Rate Shading), a performance-increasing graphics options that is not playing nicely when used with upscaling solutions like DLSS. PC Gamers Rejoice - Dead Space's next PC patch aims to add a VRS toggleĮA has confirmed that a patch is in the works for Dead Space's recently released remake that aims to address some of the early issues that gamers have encountered. ![]()
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Hyperbolic plane12/3/2023 ![]() ![]() The ultraparallel theorem states that there is a unique line in the hyperbolic plane that is perpendicular to each of a given pair of ultraparallel lines. ![]() The differences between these types of lines can also be looked at in the following way: the distance between asymptotic lines run to zero in one direction and grows without bound in the other the distance between ultraparallel lines increases in both directions. Thus we have this modified form of the parallel postulate: In hyperbolic geometry, given any line l, and point P not on l, there are exactly two lines through P which are asymptotic to l, and infinitely many lines through P ultraparallel to l. Notice that since there are an infinite number of possible angles between θ and 90 degrees, and each one will determine two lines through P and disjointly parallel to l, there exist an infinite number of ultraparallel lines. All other lines through P not intersecting l, with angles greater than θ with PB, are called ultraparallel (or disjointly parallel) to l. x and y are the only two lines asymptotic to l through P. Symmetrically, the line y that forms the same angle θ between PB and itself but clockwise from PB will also be asymptotic. This is called an asymptotic line in hyperbolic geometry. Consider the line x through P such that x does not intersect l, and the angle θ between PB and x counterclockwise from PB is as small as possible i.e., any smaller angle will force the line to intersect l. Let B be the point on l such that the line PB is perpendicular to l. In this article, the two limiting lines are called asymptotic and lines that have a common perpendicular are called ultraparallel the simple word parallel may apply to both.Īn interesting property of hyperbolic geometry follows from the occurrence of more than one parallel line through a point P: there are two classes of non-intersecting lines. These models prove that the parallel postulate is independent of the other postulates of Euclid.īecause there is no hyperbolic analogue to Euclidean parallel lines, the hyperbolic use of parallel and related terms varies among writers. Models have been constructed within Euclidean geometry that obey the axioms of hyperbolic geometry. ![]() As they do not intersect l, the parallel postulate is false. In hyperbolic geometry there are at least two such lines through P. The parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry says that in two dimensional space, for any given line l and point P not on l, there is exactly one line through P that does not intersect l. All glide reflections with the same translation length are conjugate to one another.In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry, meaning that the parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry is replaced. Just like with hyperbolic isometries, a glide reflection has exactly two fixed points, namely the endpoints at infinity of the geodesic corresponding to the reflection and translation.Īlso like hyperbolic isometries, a glide reflection is determined by (1) its two fixed points, or equivalently the geodesic it fixes, (2) a direction, or orientation of the geodesic it fixes, and (3) a positive translation length. This is the sense in which one could classify orientation-reversing isometries with just one type.) (If we were to allow translations of length zero, then a reflection would be a type of glide reflection. Glide reflectionĪ glide reflection is an isometry that results from composing a reflection with a non-trivial translation (aka hyperbolic isometry) along the geodesic corresponding to the reflection. A reflection is uniquely determined by its geodesic, and every reflection is conjugate to every other one by an orientation-preserving isometry (so there is just one conjugacy class). Throughout this article we use \(H\) to denote the hyperbolic plane and \(\overline\) for a reflection is exactly the set of points making up the geodesic, including the geodesic's endpoints at infinity. The first row uses the Klein or projective model, and the second row the Poincaré disk model. This figure shows an animation of the three types of orientation-preserving isometries of the hyperbolic plane (from left to right): hyperbolic, elliptic, and parabolic. We discuss orientation-preserving isometries first after introducing some preliminaries. The isometries of the hyperbolic plane form a group under composition.Īn isometry of the hyperbolic plane can be either orientation-preserving or orientation-reversing. An isometry of the hyperbolic plane is a mapping of the hyperbolic plane to itself that preserves the underlying hyperbolic geometry (e.g. ![]() Skull and bones skull and bones12/3/2023 ![]() While there are plenty of important things to find and do on land, the core gameplay of Skull and Bones takes place at sea. Then some drawings and some landmarks, once you find the right island, you can also use a land compass that will help you to find the location of the treasure.” At Sea “You need to board some ships and steal some pieces of treasure, or you can also scavenge some wrecks to find some other pieces of map. “There are a lot of treasures hidden in all the outposts,” promises Pellen. But what about treasure hunting, perhaps the most famous of all the pirate pastimes? Sailing, trading, and smuggling are all important aspects of a buccaneer career. “When you connect to Skull and Bones, the first thing to do is to look at your map and see where the trade routes are, where the merchants are, before selecting the right ship and provision it and equip it and set sail in the direction that is most interesting to you,” she advises. They are moving from one place to another.” “We call them ephemeral zones, because the NPCs you will meet in those outposts won't always be the same. ![]() “Spread all over the world, you will find some outposts where you can meet with smugglers or some local rebels fighting against the mega corporations,” Pellen reveals. Some characters won’t stay in one place forever, and so you’ll need to explore the map to find the right people with the right opportunities. Skull and Bones’ world has been designed as a living space that changes as frequently as the tides. “As your infamy begins to spread across the Indian ocean, you'll gain access to your own pirate lair from where you can kick start your ascent to pirate kingpin by manufacturing and smuggling illegal and high value goods.” “So from land, aside from building and training, you can also take some contracts to make some money from other pirate kingpins,” she adds. “The role of the pirate is to do some back and forth between the safe land, where you can build and customize your ship, also trade some resources, before on the ocean to steal precious cargo that you can then bring back.” ![]() “The particular idea of the land is that it offers you a safe zone where nobody can attack you,” says Elisabeth Pellen, Skull and Bones’ creative director. ![]() “The gameplay on land is about socializing, crafting, building up your fleet and taking contracts in the game in either a den or the outpost,” explains Ryan Barnard, game director on Skull and Bones. Not every island you see is explorable, but you can weigh anchor at dens and outposts two special location types that have everything a pirate needs to prepare for further adventures. Despite the majority of Skull and Bones’ map being made up of ocean, you can step off your ship and walk on dry land. ![]() Secondary auditory cortex function12/3/2023 ![]() These simple yet clear results suggested that in sound cued fear conditioning, sound cue and detailed content in the cue (e.g., frequency) are processed through distinct neural circuits and AAF is a critical part in the cortex dependent pathway. Reversible inhibition of AAF using chemogenetic activation at either training or testing phase can both lead to strong yet non-selective sound cued freezing behavior. Precise surgical ablation of AAF cannot block sound cued freezing behavior but the fear conditioning became non-selective to acoustic cue. Here in adult rats, sound cued fear conditioning paradigm, surgical ablation, and chemogenetic manipulations were used to examine the role of AAF in fear related sound context recognition. While the function of A1 has been well documented, the role of AAF in sound related behavioral remain largely unclear. 2Department of Materials Science, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, Chinaīoth primary auditory cortex (A1) and anterior auditory field (AAF) are core regions of auditory cortex of many mammalians. ![]() 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.Zhiyue Shi 1 Sumei Yan 1 Yu Ding 1 Chang Zhou 1 Shaowen Qian 1 Zhaoqun Wang 1 Chen Gong 2 Meng Zhang 2 Yanjie Zhang 2 Yandong Zhao 1 Huizhong Wen 1 Penghui Chen 1 Qiyue Deng 1 Tiantian Luo 1 Ying Xiong 1* Yi Zhou 1* ![]() V ray sketchup 202112/3/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() In order to render correctly with V-Ray Next for SketchUp, you will need to install the V-Ray Next Render Nodes.Ĭan I also render with a V-Ray Next Render Node in V-Ray 5 for SketchUp? Version 5 of the Render nodes are also compatible with builds from version Next. Yes, you can download the most recent version at your personal account at Can I also render with a V-Ray 5 Render Node in V-Ray Next for SketchUp? You can download the most recent version at your personal account at I have a valid rental license for V-Ray Next Render Node(s). If you have bought V-Ray Next Render Node(s) after April 29, 2020, you are entitled to a free upgrade. V-Ray 5 Render Nodes FAQ I have recently bought V-Ray Next Render Node(s). All recent versions of V-Ray work with Online Licensing now. No, the dongle system isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore. Support for version 3 will expire with the release of version 5. Which versions does the manufacturer still support after the release of version 5? Yes, users with a valid educational license will receive the new version for free. I have a valid educational license of V-Ray Next for SketchUp. Yes, version 5 of V-Ray for SketchUp is backwards compatible with version Next and version 3. You can only purchase a new (rental) license.Ĭan I still access V-Ray Next and version 3 with V-Ray 5 for SketchUp? No, unfortunately you can't upgrade anymore. I still use version 3 of V-Ray for SketchUp. You can only upgrade to V-Ray 5 for SketchUp from version Next. No, pricing for V-Ray 5 for SketchUp remains unchanged.įrom which version can I upgrade to V-Ray 5 for SketchUp? ![]() V-Ray 5 is compatible with SketchUp version 2018, 2019, 20.ĭoes V-Ray 5 for SketchUp have new pricing? With which versions of SketchUp is V-Ray 5 compatible? Yes, you can download the most recent version at your personal account at and your license will automatically appear in your account. I have a valid rental license for V-Ray Next for SketchUp. Attention: in case your purchase was an upgrade, you will not receive v5 for free. You can download the most recent version at your personal account at Your license will become active in your account automatically. If you have bought V-Ray Next for SketchUp) September 1, 2020, or later, you are entitled to a free upgrade. I have recently bought V-Ray Next for SketchUp. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Greek Yogurt Parfait: Chick-fil-A’s yogurt parfait features organic vanilla bean Greek yogurt with 270 calories and 13 grams of protein in each serving. For a refreshing sip, request our Sunjoy ® beverage with a combination of Unsweetened Iced Tea and Diet Lemonade for only 20 calories.ĥ.This satisfying entrée contains 14 grams of fiber. Grilled Chicken Cool Wrap ®: Each bite of this entrée offers the flavors of grilled chicken, green leaf lettuce, a blend of shredded Monterey Jack and Cheddar cheeses and the flaxseed flour flatbread wrap. Like all of our salads, you can request no cheese, which cuts 50 calories.ħ.The bold flavors of the Light Italian Dressing adds only 25 calories to the savory salad.The salad with grilled nuggets and toppings contains a whopping 41 grams of protein. It is prepared fresh daily and served with Charred Tomato Crispy Red Bell Peppers. The salad entrée contains a bed of mixed greens, topped with roasted corn kernels, a blend of shredded Monterey Jack and Cheddar cheeses, crumbled bacon, sliced hard-boiled egg and grape tomatoes. Cobb Salad: Craving one of Chick-fil-A's most iconic salads? Created in the 1930s, this salad is a perfect opportunity to swap Chick-fil-A Nuggets with Grilled Nuggets. On its own, the Medium Fruit Cup has 60 calories.Ħ. For a nutritious boost, the Fruit Cup pairs well with the Grilled Chicken Sandwich.For an extra hint of flavor, try it with Honey Roasted BBQ sauce. A toasted multigrain bun holds a grilled boneless breast of chicken, green leaf lettuce and tomato. Grilled Chicken Sandwich: At 330 calories and seven grams of fat when ordered without sauce, this savory sandwich is a big hit. On its own, the Kale Crunch Side has 170 calories, including almonds.ĥ. ![]() Order the Kale Crunch Side with the 8-count Grilled Nuggets for a filling meal at 300 calories.Grilled Nuggets: These bite-sized pieces of marinated boneless breast of chicken are grilled for a tender and juicy backyard-smoky taste. Order the Zesty Apple Cider Vinaigrette for a robust, yet sweet flavor or drizzle the Light Balsamic dressing for a lower-calorie option.Ĥ.The salad with toppings contains 310 calories (dressing is not included in this calorie count). Its tasty toppings include sliced grilled chicken (a lean protein), berries, leafy greens and other superfoods. The salad entrée is prepared fresh daily, served on a bed of mixed greens. Chick-fil-A Market Salad: This colorful salad, packed with quality ingredients and produce that is delivered fresh to restaurants up to six times per week, tastes even better than it looks. This specialty-grade coffee served at Chick-fil-A restaurants is brewed in-restaurant to pair with the Chick-fil-A breakfast menu.ģ. Add a THRIVE Farmers Coffee for 0 calories if ordered black.Served at breakfast, the bite-sized breaded Chick-fil-A ® Nuggets are served on soft yeast rolls lightly coated with honey butter spread and has less fat than the Chicken Biscuit. Chick-n-Minis ®: Still craving a classic chicken meal? At 360 calories, the 4-count Chick-fil-A Chick-n-Minis makes a satisfying, wholesome alternative to the Chick-fil-A ® Chicken Biscuit. Add bacon or swap in Colby Jack cheese, or select a regular egg instead of egg whites, because only you know how you create your favorite Chick-fil-A entrée!Ģ. It’s easy to customize the Egg White Grill (and many other menu items, for that matter) on the Chick-fil-A® App.Served with egg whites and American cheese, the sandwich has 27 grams of protein and 290 calories. Egg White Grill: The summer of 2016 was a historic time – not only did Chick-fil-A introduce its first sandwich on an English Muffin, it also added grilled chicken to the breakfast menu. To make it easier than ever to grab a quick, convenient meal that still meets your nutrition goals, we’ve created a list of choices available on the menu every day and added some insider tips to help maintain a balanced lifestyle, even when ordering more indulgent items.ġ. The team of chefs in the Chick-fil-A kitchen have been busy cooking up menu items to give health-seekers choices around the clock for breakfast, lunch and dinner. When hunger calls with a busy schedule, a meal on-the-go is a must. ![]() Rmarkdown presentation too wide12/2/2023 ![]() ![]() I therefore recommend that you teach your students to use R as soon as possible in their workflows. These Frankenstein monster-like workflows aren’t helpful to anyone. You (or anyone else you’ve roped into marking) will need to scour through both code and Excel files to ensure correctness. It’s also going to make it harder for you to evaluate project-based assignments for reproducibility. It becomes hard to keep track of which part of the data wrangling was done in R and which was done in Excel. Unfortunately, in practice this leads to a big problem. Over several years these young researchers might become slightly more comfortable with using R for some of the wrangling. I’ve experienced what this leads to many times – most students will try and use Excel for as much of their data wrangling as possible and only use R code where they can’t get something to work in Excel. However, most of your students will have been using Excel for years before you first meet them. It’s common to accidentally misapply function across columns – sometimes causing country-level austerity cuts. The very useful “text to columns” wizard does not keep a history of how columns were separated ![]() Individual cells can be manipulated at will without a casual reader noticing Excel does not encourage good data practices, here are a few examples of why: Do students manipulate data in Excel or R?Ĭode is the gold standard for reproducible data analysis (and visualisation). I’ve previously written for SAGE Campus about how combining R and RMarkdown benefits students and researchers, but here I’d like to focus on the benefits for you as instructors and course leads. ![]() Prepaid expenses in accounting12/2/2023 ![]() ![]() The Hershey Company – Extract from the balance sheet Prepaid Expenses Versus Accrued Expenses When the company expensed March’s rent at the beginning of that month, it cleared the prepaid expense account.īelow is an extract and breakdown from the Hershey Company Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019. ![]() After the company expensed February’s rent at the beginning of the month, the prepaid expense account in the balance sheet decreased to $1,500.The company recognizes the first expense in February since that was the month of consumption, not January.The effect on the balance sheet is as follows: Accrued expenses are a current liability and represent costs a company has incurred but not yet paid by the end of the accounting periodĪ company has paid its monthly rental of $1,500 at the end of January in advance for the following two months.Prepaid expenses are reported on the balance sheet and expensed through the income statement via retained earnings as the asset is consumed.As they are expected to be used within 12 months they are categorized as a current asset.Prepaid expenses include rent and insurance contracts, and represent goods or services already paid for where the company expects to use the benefit within 12 months.The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". ![]() The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. For example, if a business has paid its office rent for three years, it can make an adjusting entry for a section of the tax deductible for that particular year, and the rest of the amount will be used for tax deductions in the subsequent two years Businesses cannot deduct the full amount of prepaid expenses in the current financial period but have to defer some amount for the subsequent accounting periods. Prepaid expenses help businesses manage their future tax deductions. For example, if you believe fuel prices will go up next month, you may want to prepay for fuel to avoid paying extra when the price rises. In an inflationary environment, this helps you save on costs. Prepaid expenses help you lock in a product or service at the current market price. You don’t want to miss getting the space and hence pay the rent amount for a month or quarter in advance. For example, the rent you pay for your office building is a prepaid expense. If there is any product or service that you cannot afford to miss, then it is better that you pay in advance. Here’re some benefits of paying your expenses upfront: Ensures you don’t miss availing the product/service ![]() Helio camper interior12/2/2023 ![]() ![]() nuCamp Teardrop Camperįor many people when they think of a teardrop camper, the image of a camper comes to mind. Let’s take a look at two of the most popular models. nuCamp manufactures some of the best teardrop trailers on the planet. NuCamp manufactures the most iconic teardrop camper trailers on the road today: the and Teardrop Campers. This camper has a small wet bath and interior kitchen, too. ![]() Each converts into a bed that can sleep 1 and 2 people, respectively. This small camper has a 2-person front dinette and a 4-person rear dinette. This camper has a dry weight of 1,785 pounds and it can sleep up to 3 adults comfortably. The Micro Max is the smallest of the Max teardrop camper trailers. ![]() This camper has a wet bath, kitchen, and convertible dinette seating/sleeper area. The Mini Max starts at 2,320 pounds and can sleep 2 comfortably. This self-contained teardrop camper trailer is more like a travel trailer with a classic teardrop shape. This camper trailer sleeps 3 and has a residential-sized wet bath, a separate dinette, kitchen, bed area, and much more. The Max starts at a weight of 3,010 pounds and is the largest teardrop by Little Guy. ![]() There are 3 different Max teardrop trailers from Little Guy: The Max, Micro Max, and Mini Max. With 4 different teardrop trailers, Little Guy sets the standard for towability and high-quality teardrop camper builds. Little Guy Trailers continues to stand out as one of the best teardrop trailer brands on the market today. 1- 4: Little Guy Trailers – High Quality Teardrop Trailers Without further ado, here are the best travel trailer brands and models on the market today. 20 Best Teardrop Trailer Brands and Models These can include a bathroom, an interior kitchen, a solar setup, and more. Larger teardrop campers come with many features and amenities that smaller ones don’t. Self-contained versus a rear hatch kitchen.Even after the RV backlog pricing adjustments, the average teardrop trailer can range from $7,000 to $45,000.įactors that affect the price of teardrop campers include: Teardrop trailers vary in size and price. Those that use propane, either have a single 20-pound tank or use a one-pound bottle for the efficient burning two-burner stove or LP furnace. Those with freshwater tanks have devices that optimize your water usage even when you’re cleaning your dishes. You’ll find teardrop camper models that only rely on a single house battery. These tiny campers are very eco-friendly too. Many new RVers think that teardrop campers are good entry-level RVs, yet there are plenty of veteran RVers that enjoy the teardrop trailer lifestyle. Teardrop trailers also come in a variety of pricing options, too. Others are tiny trailers that only have space for sitting and sleeping. There are many kinds of teardrop trailers from models that you can stand up and move around. Today many kinds of small campers are considered teardrops and not all of them have the traditional teardrop shape. What is a Teardrop Trailer?Ī teardrop trailer is a camper trailer that is traditionally shaped like a teardrop, tapering to a point at the rear end. Whether you’re looking for a teardrop camper with a bathroom, a teardrop that you can stand up in, or a small teardrop perfect for off-roading, we’ve got you covered. In this article, we’ve gathered 20 of the best teardrop trailer brands and models on the market today. Teardrops are perfect for weekenders, off-roaders, or glampers who need their creature comforts when they take a break from their daily lives. These small, versatile campers come in many sizes and have many different features. Teardrop trailers are re-emerging in popularity and it’s not hard to see why. The best teardrop trailers are ultra-functional, reasonably priced, and last a long time. And, as an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Thanks for your support! If you make a purchase using our links in this article, we may make a commission. ![]() ![]() ![]() They are doing remarkably well now, and we believe that their counterparts today have this potential, as well. The children in our data from countries like Mexico and El Salvador are those whose parents benefited from an earlier legalization effort in the mid-1980s. and thus are granted citizenship at birth. Indeed, this number is small because many children of undocumented immigrants are born in the U.S. Fortunately, this group is relatively small even in recent years: only 1.5 million (or five percent) of the 32 million children of immigrant parents are undocumented today. One question that arises with our work is: what about children who arrive without papers? Undocumented children face more barriers to mobility than other children of immigrants. And it most often takes them only one generation to rise up from poverty. The children of immigrants do typically make it in America. But our data sleuthing should lay these fears to rest. We often hear concerns about how poor immigrants will fare and whether their children will get trapped in low-paying jobs or dependent on government support. In their flight from famine, Irish immigrants are not too dissimilar from immigrants who flee hurricanes, earthquakes, and violent uprisings today. But, at the time, these groups were considered the poorest of the poor. ![]() Many prominent leaders, including politicians like President Biden, regularly emphasize pride in their Irish or Italian heritage. We are used to seeing the descendants of poor European immigrants rise to become members of the business and cultural elite. Today, we might not be that surprised to learn that the children of past European immigrants succeeded. But in the modern data we can see that this pattern applies to daughters as well. For the past, we are only able to study sons because we cannot link daughters who change their name at marriage. What’s more, some of the immigrant groups that politicians accused long ago of having little to contribute to the economy-the Irish, Italians, and Portuguese-actually achieved the highest rates of upward mobility. Our third finding is that the mobility advantage of the children of immigrants is just as strong today as it was in the past. The children of immigrants from Central American countries-countries like Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua that are often demonized for contributing to the “crisis” at the southern border-move up faster than the children of the U.S.-born, landing in the middle of the pack (right next to children of immigrants from Canada). The second notable takeaway is that even children of parents from very poor countries like Nigeria and Laos outperform the children of the U.S.-born raised in similar households. ![]() So, the mobility advantage that we observe for the children of immigrants would be even larger if we compared this group to the full population. We focus on the children of white U.S.-born fathers because the children of Black fathers tend to have lower rates of upward mobility. The first striking takeaway is that, as a group, children of immigrants achieve more upward mobility than the children of U.S.-born fathers. When we compiled this data, what do we see? The tax records allow researchers to link children to their parents as tax dependents, and then observe these children in the tax data as adults. Our modern data is based on federal income tax records instead. From here, we developed methods to automate these searches so we could follow millions of immigrants and their children in the records. We started by digging through websites like that allow the public to search for their relatives. Think of us like curious grandchildren searching branches of their family tree online, but a million times over. For the historical data, we used historical census records to link sons living in their childhood homes to census data collected 30 years later when these young men had jobs of their own. To conduct our analysis, we needed data that links children to parents. ![]() AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |